Background: Micronutrient deficiency is one of the major public health problems in the Middle East affecting economic, political and social development of countries. The three commonest micronutrient deficiencies belong to iron, iodine and vitamin A. Methods: we conducted a systematic review of published English articles in the Middle East countries using databases from PubMed, World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization from 1985 onward. A total of 6050 articles were identified and after evaluation based on eligibility criteria, 81 articles included in this systematic review. ; Background: Micronutrient deficiency is one of the major public health problems in the Middle East affecting economic, political and social development of countries. The three commonest micronutrient deficiencies belong to iron, iodine and vitamin A. Methods: we conducted a systematic review of published English articles in the Middle East countries using databases from PubMed, World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization from 1985 onward. A total of 6050 articles were identified and after evaluation based on eligibility criteria, 81 articles included in this systematic review. ; 19 ; 8
Introduction: Diseases of the thyroid gland are one of the commonest endocrine disorders in India as well as in the world. It is estimated that nearly 42 million people in India suffer from thyroid diseases. They may be diffuse or nodular, benign or malignant, euthyroid or hyperthyroid in status. The spectrum of thyroid diseases includes simple goitre, thyroiditis, adenoma, carcinoma, multinodular goiter, hypo or hperthyroidism and Graves' disease. It is postulated that the incidence of thyroid nodule increases with age, in women, in people with iodine deficiency, and after radiation exposure. Materials & Methods: Study done in Government General Hospital Ananthapuramu. Cross sectional descriptive study. Study subjects were included based on inclusion criteria who have given consent for the study. Results: A total of 35 women were enrolled for this study. Mean age of the study subjects is 36.51 years. A report suggests a prevalence of 2-6% with palpation, 19-35% with ultrasound, and 8-65% in autopsy data while a prevalence of 4-7% has been estimated in another. Conclusion: The prevalence of goitre is different according to the geographical region, age and sex. Majority of the study subjects had Swelling of neck. Among Biopsy reports majority were diagnosed as Multy nodular goiter. We recommend further detailed study in this area to explore further details for the benefit og general population.
This thesis consists of three empirical studies that center around development, environmental, and health economics. Chapter 2 leverages newly collected individual-level hunger recall information of the China Family Panel Survey to estimate the causal effect of undernourishment on later-life health. We develop a Two-Sample Instrumental Variable (TSIV) estimator that can deal with heterogeneous samples. The new estimator includes a first step which preprocesses the data by methods such as the nearest-neighbor matching. Using the new estimator, we find a nonlinear relationship between the widely used indicator of famine intensity and personal exposure (measured by hunger recall among famine survivors). The non-linearity in famine exposure may explain the variation in the famine's effect on later life health found in previous studies, as studies explore different parts of this non-linear relation. We furthermore find that exposure to famine induced hunger early in life leads to worse health among females fifty years later. This effect is more significant than the reduced-form effect of previous studies. For males, we find no impact. In our study, the information on personal exposure helps in the justification of instruments used in this literature, as well as providing insight into the proper specification of the reduced-form regressions used in the extensive famine literature. Chapter 3 examines the effects of a massive salt iodization program on the human capital formation of school-aged children in China. To identify the salt iodizing policy's long-term benefits, we use the national salt iodizing program as a quasi-experiment and exploit geographic variation in goiter prevalence before the intervention. Our estimates show that the salt iodization policy has strong and significant effects on cognition for girls. We find robust positive effects of the program for girls. A one standard deviation decrease (12%) in the pre-intervention goiter rate is associated with math and vocabulary scores increasing by roughly 15%. We also see substantial increases in the educational attainment of females. Yet, we do not find any effects for boys. We show in a simple model of parental investment that gender preferences can explain our findings. We consider the role of gender preferences and how this may affect large-scale public programs' effectiveness. Analyses exploiting within the province, village-level variation in gender attitudes find that the gains in cognition are most significant for girls born in regions with the strongest son preferences. The policy's heterogeneous impact confirms the importance of parental gender preferences. Chapter 4 turns the research focus to the implementation of environmental regulations in developing countries. Despite ambitious environmental laws in many countries worldwide, the enforcement of these regulations is often weak. Holding government officials accountable for this lack of enforcement is, in turn, often marred by inadequate information about environmental quality. In this chapter, we study whether better environmental monitoring can solve this issue and improve the policy's effectiveness. We focus on air pollution in China and investigate the impact of a nationwide monitoring program. Using identification strategies that exploit strict assignment criteria set up by the central government, we show that an additional air pollution monitor reduced satellite-based pollution measures by 2-3% and increased enforcement of air-pollution regulations by 20%. To clarify how this pollution reduction came about, we construct a novel data set of city governments' air pollution enforcement activities from 2010 to 2017. We geo-reference enforcement activities and show that the increase in enforcement is driven by firms located close to those monitors, whereas firms faraway face fewer enforcement changes. These effects are caused by local officials that face strong incentives to reduce pollution and are stronger when there is limited scope for data manipulation.
BACKGROUND: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and their attendant effects on human development, perinatal mortality and intellectual dysfunction are a major nutrition and public health problem worldwide, with Ethiopia counted among the top iodine-deficient countries. Despite the passing of new legislation in 2011 under the National Nutrition Programme and subsequent increase in the availability of iodized salt, the eradication of IDD in Ethiopia remains a significant challenge. This paper critically reviews the recent published data on iodine-status in Ethiopia as a basis for formulating future research and policy initiatives. METHODS: We performed a structural search for IDD studies in Ethiopia for all population groups published after the year 2000. RESULTS: Twenty four studies reported national and regional data giving a national total goiter rate above 35.8 % in women, with rates close to 60 % in four regional states, and an estimated prevalence of IDD ranging from 0.4 to 66.3 % depending on region. The prevalence of goiter in children was 35 %, but was as high as 71 % in the South Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region. The problem persists despite the widespread availability of iodized salt. CONCLUSIONS: Eradicating IDD in Ethiopia will require concerted efforts including the close evaluation of intervention programs through regular, nation-wide monitoring of IDD and salt-iodization coverage. Salt iodization became mandatory in Ethiopia in 2011 and despite significant progress, the current level of eradicating IDD could be improved. Prospective and controlled intervention studies to evaluate biomarkers of thyroid function and cognitive outcomes will help to monitor and improve eradication efforts. Ascertaining and improving health and development in the most vulnerable populations of women and children is a priority that may be advanced through a greater investment in outreach and education.
Abstract Background Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and their attendant effects on human development, perinatal mortality and intellectual dysfunction are a major nutrition and public health problem worldwide, with Ethiopia counted among the top iodine-deficient countries. Despite the passing of new legislation in 2011 under the National Nutrition Programme and subsequent increase in the availability of iodized salt, the eradication of IDD in Ethiopia remains a significant challenge. This paper critically reviews the recent published data on iodine-status in Ethiopia as a basis for formulating future research and policy initiatives. Methods We performed a structural search for IDD studies in Ethiopia for all population groups published after the year 2000. Results Twenty four studies reported national and regional data giving a national total goiter rate above 35.8 % in women, with rates close to 60 % in four regional states, and an estimated prevalence of IDD ranging from 0.4 to 66.3 % depending on region. The prevalence of goiter in children was 35 %, but was as high as 71 % in the South Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region. The problem persists despite the widespread availability of iodized salt. Conclusions Eradicating IDD in Ethiopia will require concerted efforts including the close evaluation of intervention programs through regular, nation-wide monitoring of IDD and salt-iodization coverage. Salt iodization became mandatory in Ethiopia in 2011 and despite significant progress, the current level of eradicating IDD could be improved. Prospective and controlled intervention studies to evaluate biomarkers of thyroid function and cognitive outcomes will help to monitor and improve eradication efforts. Ascertaining and improving health and development in the most vulnerable populations of women and children is a priority that may be advanced through a greater investment in outreach and education.
Goitre prevalence in Ubangi Mongala (north-western Zaire) ranges from 27 to 60% in the male population and from 48 to 78% in the female population; the prevalence of cretinism ranges between 0.7 and 7.6%. This severe endemia affects 1.5 million inhabitants and constitutes a major public health problem. If administered to an entire population, single injections of slowly resorbable iodized oil can reduce goitre prevalence substantially, correct the iodine deficiency and restore normal thyroid function for a period of 3 to 7 yr, depending on the parameter considered. The cost of a programme of endemic goitre prevention based on this method can be estimated at 0.07 US dollars per person and per year of protection. A strategy of goitre and cretinism control in Central Africa, using iodized oil in an attack phase and iodized salt in a follow up phase, is proposed. The organization of this programme will be dovetailed into other public health activities and will strengthen the basic service framework. ; SCOPUS: ar.j ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Health parameters of tribal population had always been a concern for India's march towards Millennium development Goals (MDG's). Tribal population contributes 8.6% of total population, in spite of efforts and commitment of Government of India towards MGD, India lagged far behind from achieving and optimal health of tribal population will be a concern for achieving Sustainable development Goals SDG's also. Some of the common health problems of the tribal population face are deficiency of essential components in diet like energy malnutrition, protein calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Goiter, Gastrointestinal disorders, particularly dysentery and parasitic infections are very common. High prevalence of genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia and others are endemic in few tribes of India. Tribal Health is further compounded issues by social issues like excessive consumption of alcohol, poor access to contraceptive, substance abuse and gender based violence. Besides other reasons, like poor budget allocation, difficult to reach, poor access to health care facility, severe shortage of qualified health workers and workforce led to poor governance of health sector in tribal areas. Present view point reflects on the issues of inadequacy of doctors in tribal area and suggests possible solutions.
The World Bank and The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) jointly developed this report to calculate the potential human and economic benefits to be gained from increasing nutrition investments in the Kyrgyz Republic. This report provides compelling evidence of the potential to improve health and economic outcomes through scaling up effective nutrition interventions and introducing new proven interventions to reduce the direct causes of under nutrition in order to support the Kyrgyz government's commitment to the well-being and prosperous future of the Kyrgyz people. This situational analysis examines and quantifies the scope of under nutrition in the Kyrgyz Republic by presenting: (1) the epidemiology of under nutrition; (2) an estimate of the health consequences of under nutrition in terms of mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs), and the economic losses due to lost workforce and productivity; (3) the health, social protection, and agriculture and food intervention systems relevant to delivering interventions for improving nutrition; (4) the current coverage of nutrition interventions; and (5) the potential economic gains achievable by scaling up effective nutrition interventions. The current context is very favorable for scaling up nutrition interventions in the Kyrgyz Republic. Investing in nutrition has increasingly proven to have excellent development and health returns. The international development community has recognized (1) the need to scale up nutrition interventions; (2) the potential for public-private partnerships; and, (3) a growing consensus around a common framework for action. Reducing under nutrition worldwide is a priority for the World Bank and UNICEF, and also critical to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
